Overview of recent advances in the classification of ependymomas in WHO CNS5 classification: Simplified approach to their integrated diagnosis

Ependymomas can arise along the entire neuraxis; however, they possess site-specific unique molecular alterations and a methylome pattern which is directly related with the prognostic outcomes. Since 2016, when the updated fourth edition of World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the central nervous system was published, it has been emphasized to classify ependymomas by anatomic site and molecular signatures associated genetic alterations so that classification of the disease reflects its underlying biology. In continuation, the fifth edition of the WHO classification of CNS tumors introduces major changes, including site-specific molecular profiles as the basis of classifying ependymomas. Furthermore, an integrated tier system of reporting is recommended for better clinical correlation and predicting outcomes. WHO grading can still be included in a specific tier, along with molecular markers.

NF-κB regulates brown adipocyte function through suppression of ANT2

The transcription factor nuclear factor of kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) is expressed in brown adipocytes, but its role remains largely unknown in the cells. This issue was addressed in current study by examining NF-κB in brown adipocytes in vitro and in vivo. NF-κB activity was increased by differentiation of brown adipocytes through elevation of p65 (RelA) expression. The transcriptional activity of NF-κB was induced by the cold stimulation with an elevation in S276 phosphorylation of p65 protein. Inactivation of NF-κB in brown adipocytes made the knockout mice [uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1)-CreER-p65f/f, U-p65-KO] intolerant to the cold environment. The brown adipocytes exhibited an increase in apoptosis, a decrease in cristae density and uncoupling activity in the interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) of p65-KO mice. The alterations became severer after cold exposure of the KO mice. The brown adipocytes of mice with NF-κB activation (p65 overexpression, p65-OE) exhibited a set of opposite alterations with a reduction in apoptosis, an increase in cristae density and uncoupling activity. In mechanism, NF-κB inhibited expression of the adenine nucleotide translocase 2 (ANT2) in the control of apoptosis. Data suggest that NF-κB activity is increased in brown adipocytes by differentiation and cold stimulation to protect the cells from apoptosis through down-regulation of ANT2 expression.

Activation of RelA by pppGpp as the basis for its differential toxicity over ppGpp in Escherichia coli

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are highly flexible and undergo disorder to order transition uponbinding. They are highly abundant in human proteomes and play critical roles in cell signaling and regulatoryprocesses. This review mainly focuses on the dynamics of disordered proteins including their conformationalheterogeneity, protein–protein interactions, and the phase transition of biomolecular condensates that arecentral to various biological functions. Besides, the role of RNA-mediated chaperones in protein folding andstability of IDPs were also discussed. Finally, we explored the dynamic binding interface of IDPs as noveltherapeutic targets and the effect of small molecules on their interactions.

Expression level of lncRNA SNHG1 in endometrial cancer tissues and its clinical significance / 中国肿瘤生物治疗杂志

@#[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the expression level of lncRNA (long non-coding RNA) SNHG1 in endometrial cancer tissues, and to analyze its mechanism of action as well as its clinical significance. Methods: NCBI-GEO and TCGA database were used to analyze the expression level of SNHG1 in endometrial cancer. A total of 53 cases of endometrial cancer tissue samples and 41 cases of normal endometrial tissue samples were collected from January 2016 to March 2019 at Zhongxin Ecocity Hospital of Tianjin Medical University; in addition, endometrial cancer cell lines Ishikawa and HEC-1A as well as normal endometrial ESC cells were also collected for this study. qPCR was used to detect the expression level of SNHG1 in tissues and cells, and its correlation with the clinical characteristics of patients were statistically analyzed. The effect of SNHG1 on cell proliferation and apoptosis of HEC-1A cells was measured by MTT assay and Annexin V/PI double staining Flow cytometry, respectively. The migration and invasion of HEC-1A cells were measured by Transwell assay. StarBase was used to predict the regulatory relationship between SNHG1 and RELA, which was then verified by qPCR and Western blotting. Dual fluorescent reporter gene system and qPCR were adopted to identify the influence of SNHG1 on NF-κB pathway. Results: The expression of SNHG1 was significantly up-regulated in endometrial cancer tissues compared with normal endometrial tissues (P<0.01), and its expression was related to tumor size, TNM staging, histological grade and lymph node metastasis (all P<0.05). The expression level of SNHG1 in Ishikawa and HEC-1A cells was significantly higher than that in ESC cells (all P<0.01). Overexpression of SNHG1 notably promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion and inhibited cell apoptosis of HEC-1A cells. By promoting the expression of RELA, SNHG1 activated the NF-κB pathway and promoted the expressions of downstream gene IL-6 and CCL19 (all P<0.01). Conclusion: Up-regulated SNHG1 in endometrial cancer functions as an oncogene by activating the NF-κB pathway through promoting the RELA expression.

NF-κB signaling pathway in psoriasis / 中华皮肤科杂志

Nuclear factor (NF)-κB,a kind of protein transcription factor,mediates inflammation and other complex biological processes,and is a key regulator of many immune and inflammatory pathways,cell proliferation,differentiation and apoptosis.Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by increased levels of phosphorylated NF-κB,which leads to an increase in anti-apoptotic activity of keratinocytes and aggravation of inflammatory reactions.This review summarizes advances in NF-κB signaling pathway and its role in psoriasis.

Effect of relA knockout on heterologous resistance of colistin to Acinetobacter baumannii / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective: To observe the effect of the (p)ppGpp synthase gene (relA) on the heteroresistance of colistin against Acinetobacter baumannii. Methods: The relA gene in Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC19606 was knocked out by Red homologous recombination technique. The biofilm formation of Acinetobacter baumannii was observed by crystal violet staining. The change of heterogeneous colonies of Acinetobacter baumannii under the action of colistin was detected by population analysis profiles (PAP) and the heterogeneity was calculated. The killing curve was used to detect the formation of persistent bacteria in Acinetobacter baumannii under the action of colistin. Results: The relA gene in Acinetobacter baumannii was successfully knocked out, and the relA knockout strain ATCC19606-ΔrelA was obtained. After relA gene knockout, the biofilm formation of Acinetobacter baumannii decreased significantly. After relA gene knockout, Acinetobacter baumannii significantly reduced the heterogeneous colonies and persistent bacteria formation under the action of colistin. Conclusion: The bacterial stringent reaction (p) ppGpp synthase relA may be an important factor affecting the heteroresistance of Acinetobacter baumannii to colistin.

Effect of remifentanil on MACBAR of sevoflurane in patients with hepatic dysfunction undergoing lap-aroscopic surgery / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To evaluate the effect of remifentanil on the minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane required to blunt the adrenergic response(MACBAR)in the patients with hepatic dysfunction undergoing laparoscopic surgery.Methods The patients,aged 18-64 yr,with body mass index ＜ 30 kg/m2,undergoing elective laparoscopic hepatobiliary surgery,were selected.Patients with normal liver function were selected as control group(C group),and patients with liver dysfunction(Child-Pugh grade B)were selected as test group and divided into 3 subgroups by a random number table method: no remifen-tanil group(R0 group)and different target plasma concentrations of remifentanil groups(R1 group and R2 group).Anesthesia was induced by intravenously injecting propofol 2-3 mg/kg,remifentanil 2 μg/kg and cisatracurium 0.15 mg/kg.After endotracheal intubation,mechanical ventilation was performed.The end-tidal sevoflurane concentration was adjusted to the preset concentration in each group and maintained at the level for 20 min before the pneumoperitoneum was established.Anesthesia was maintained as follows:remifentanil was not used in C group and R0 group,and the target plasma concentration of remifentanil was 1 and 2 ng/ml in group R1 and group R2,respectively,and sevoflurane was inhaled.The MACBAR of sevoflurane was determined using the sequential method.The initial end-tidal sevoflurane concentrations were 5.0％,4.6％,2.6％and 2.4％in group C,group R0,group R1 and group R2,respectively.MAP and HR were recorded and blood samples were collected before and after pneumoperitoneum,and the plas-ma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,and the difference in MAP and HR before and after pneumoperitoneum was calculated.Results A total of 14 cases in group C,19 cases in group R0,19 cases in group R1 and 15 cases in group R2 completed the study.Compared with group C,the MACBAR of sevoflurane and plasma adrenergic concentration before and after pneumoperitoneum were significantly decreased(P＜0.05),and no significant change was found the other parameters in group R0(P>0.05).Compared with group R0,the MACBAR of sevoflurane was signifi-cantly decreased in group R1 and group R2,and HR before and after pneumoperitoneum and the difference were significantly decreased in group R2(P＜0.05).The MACBAR of sevoflurane was significantly lower in group R2 than in group R1(P＜0.05).Conclusion Remifentanil can decrease the MACBAR of sevoflurane and enhance the efficacy in inhibiting the stress responses in the patients with hepatic dysfunction undergo-ing laparoscopic surgery.

An HPLC-QAMS method for simultaneous determination of ten components in Compound Jinpu Tablet for quality control / 国际药学研究杂志

Objective: To develop an HPLC method for quantitative analysis of multi- components by single marker(QAMS)to simultaneously determine gypenoside XL,gypenoside A, gypenoside X,danshensu,salvianolic acid B,tanshinone Ⅱ A,orientin,isoorientin,vitexin and isovitexin in Compound Jinpu Tablet(CJT). Methods: HPLC was performed on a Wondasil C18 column(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)at 30℃. The mobile phase was methanol-aceto-nitrile(3:1)and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution,in a gradient elution,and the flow rate was 0.9 ml/min. The detec-tion wavelength was set at 203 nm for gypenoside XL,gypenoside A and gypenoside X,280 nm for danshensu,sal- vianolic acid B and tanshinoneⅡA,and 340 nm for orientin,isoorientin,vitexin and isovitexin. The content of the ten components in CJT was determined at first by the external standard method(ESM)using ten related standards. For the QAMS method,only tanshinone ⅡA was used as an internal standard,whereas the relative correction factors of the other nine components in CJT were determined using the internal tanshinone ⅡA as reference standard,and their content was calculated on the basis of the correction factors and the tanshinone ⅡA content determined by ESM. The QAMS method was validated by comparison of the calculated values with the measured data by ESM. Results: The 10 components all showed a good linearity within the concentration ranges of 2.848-56.96,5.304-106.08,7.776-155.52,1.248-24.96, 13.28-265.6,1.976-39.52,1.112-22.24,0.928-18.56,0.696-13.92,and 0.648-12.96 μg/ml(r≥0.9992),with the average recoveries(RSDs)of 99.35%(0.97%),99.07%(1.10%),98.81%(0.83%),97.69%(1.39%),100.05%(0.79%),97.90%(1.20%),98.21%(1.52%),97.59%(1.44%),96.93%(1.07%)and 96.99%(0.89%),respectively. No significant differences were found in the content of the nine components in CJT between the QAMS-calculated values and the ESM-measured data. Conclusion: The established QAMS method could simultaneously determine multi-compo- nents using only one standard. It is simple and accurate,which could be used for simultaneous determination of the con- tent of ten components in CJT.

RELA fusion-positive ependymoma: a clincopathologic analysis of eleven cases / 临床与实验病理学杂志

Purpose To investigate the clinicopathologic features of RELA fusion-positive ependymoma. Methods The clinical manifestations, radiological appearance, pathological and immunohistochemical findings and immunophenotype in 11 cases of RELA fusion-positive ependymoma were retrospectively analyzed, and the related literature was reviewed. Results Eleven cases of RELA fusion-positive ependymomas occured in the supratentorial region. There were 6 males and 5 females ranged in age from 3-56 years (median = 27). Imaging showed the occupying lesion in the supratentorial region. Histologically, a distinctive branching network of delicate capillaries and (true) ependymal rosettes/pseudorosettes were observed. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were diffusely positive for GFAP, L1 CAM and Cyclin D1, and EMA staining with dot-like cytoplasmic reactivity were observed. Most of the cases showed a positive for nestin, but all of the cases showed negative for Olig-2. Conclusion RELA fusion-positive ependymomas usually affect the supratentorial region of young people, which have unique immunophenotype and gene phenotype, and are characterized by poor prognosis. This type of ependymoma should be identified in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis.

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout reveals a guardian role of NF-κB/RelA in maintaining the homeostasis of human vascular cells

Vascular cell functionality is critical to blood vessel homeostasis. Constitutive NF-κB activation in vascular cells results in chronic vascular inflammation, leading to various cardiovascular diseases. However, how NF-κB regulates human blood vessel homeostasis remains largely elusive. Here, using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing, we generated RelA knockout human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and differentiated them into various vascular cell derivatives to study how NF-κB modulates human vascular cells under basal and inflammatory conditions. Multi-dimensional phenotypic assessments and transcriptomic analyses revealed that RelA deficiency affected vascular cells via modulating inflammation, survival, vasculogenesis, cell differentiation and extracellular matrix organization in a cell type-specific manner under basal condition, and that RelA protected vascular cells against apoptosis and modulated vascular inflammatory response upon tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) stimulation. Lastly, further evaluation of gene expression patterns in IκBα knockout vascular cells demonstrated that IκBα acted largely independent of RelA signaling. Taken together, our data reveal a protective role of NF-κB/RelA in modulating human blood vessel homeostasis and map the human vascular transcriptomic landscapes for the discovery of novel therapeutic targets.

Applications of microfluidic technology to delivery of nanoparticulate drug / 药学学报

Microfluidics is a technology that involves the use of micro-nanoscale pipelines to manipulate fluid mixing. Precise control of the mixing process of laminar flows or liquid droplets by using microfluidics will contribute to the preparation of nanoparticles, which are difficult to be achieved by the conventional methods. Based on the progress in delivery systems of nanoparticulate drug, we provide a summary to introduce the applications of microfluidics in construction of nanoparticulate drug delivery system such as liposomes, polymer nanoparticles and hybrid nanoparticles, and analyze the assembling mechanisms of different nanostructures by using microfluidic precise control. This review will provide a reference in utilization of microfluidic technology more scientifically and reasonably.

Cultivating doctor-patient communication skills of clinical interns / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Due to the shortage of doctor-patient communication skills in the traditional medical education,students lacked the ability to communicate with patients,thereby bringing about medical disputes ceaselessly. Interns should pay attention to both theories and practice, earnestly learn the pre-internship training and actively participate in social activities held by government and hospitals, and the clinical prac-tice earlier. According to the clinical practice, the doctor-patient communication skill can be enhanced and the doctor-patient relationship can be strengthened.

Estudos da resposta estringente de Bacillus subtilis e busca por pequenas moléculas moduladoras de RelA / Studies of the stringent response of Bacillus subtilis and search for small molecules capable of modulating RelA activity

Seja no meio ambiente, dentro de um hospedeiro ou em outro habitat, bactérias estarão frequentemente enfrentando condições adversas, como exposição a compostos antibacterianos ou carência nutricional. Em situações como essas, as bactérias são capazes de ativar a chamada resposta estringente, modulada pelo alarmônio (p)ppGpp. O acúmulo de (p)ppGpp promove a inibição da transcrição de rRNAs e tRNAs e a supressão do processo de tradução, e a ativação de operons de biossíntese de aminoácidos. Sabe-se também hoje que a resposta estringente está relacionada a outras importantes carências nutricionais em Escherichia coli, como a falta de ácidos graxos, porém não se sabe se o mesmo ocorre em Bacillus subtilis ou em outras Grampositivas. (p)ppGpp atua também direta e indiretamente em vários outros processos celulares, como motilidade, resistência a antibióticos, virulência e persistência, indicando que (p)ppGpp é um regulador central que integra informação metabólica e respostas adaptativas. O presente trabalho buscou estudar a correlação da resposta estringente de B. subtilis com a carência de ácidos graxos e a busca por pequenas moléculas capazes de modular RelA (a principal proteína envolvida na síntese de (p)ppGpp) e impedir o acúmulo de (p)ppGpp. Para a indução da carência de ácidos graxos, foram utilizadas duas estratégias; uso da droga Cerulenina (inibidor de FabF) e mutantes condicionais no gene FabF. Observou-se que mutantes incapazes de ativar a resposta estringente (cepa ppGpp(0) ou RelAD264G) apresentaram grande perda de viabilidade celular durante a carência de ácidos graxos, ao passo que a cepa selvagem manteve sua viabilidade celular. A causa da morte se deu majoritariamente devido ao colapso do potencial de membrana. Apesar de não termos observado aumento de (p)ppGpp nas células selvagens durante a carência de ácidos graxos, observou-se uma redução da razão GTP/ATP, ao passo que na cepa ppGpp(0), a razão GTP/ATP aumentou, devido ao acúmulo de GTP. O uso da droga decoinina, capaz de reduzir os níveis intracelulares de GTP, resgatou parcialmente a viabilidade da cepa e impediu a perda do potencial de membrana, indicando que os níveis de GTP são importantes durante a carência de ácidos graxos em B. subtilis. Para a triagem de pequenas moléculas inibidoras do acúmulo de (p)ppGpp, foi utilizada uma biblioteca de 2320 diferentes compostos químicos, e buscou-se drogas capazes de reverter o fenótipo de crescimento lento de cepas de B. subtilis que acumulam (p)ppGpp (via mutação pontual; mutante RelAH77A e via tratamento com o indutor hidroxamato de arginina) em meio rico. A primeira etapa selecionou 40 moléculas capazes de resgatar o crescimento de células tratadas com arginina-hidroxamato, porém apenas uma, salicilanilida, foi capaz de também resgatar o crescimento da cepa RelAH77A. Todavia, apesar de ser capaz de acelerar o crescimento de B. subtilis esse efeito é limitado. Diversos análogos de salicilanilida foram testados, porém não apresentaram efeito superior a salicilanilida para a reversão do fenótipo de crescimento lento de B. subtilis. Em adição, a droga não foi capaz de aumentar a sensibilidade dos organismos a diversos antibióticos testados, e aparentemente é incapaz de alterar os níveis internos de (p)ppGpp, porém é capaz de causar alterações nos níveis de ATP. Logo, acredita-se que o efeito observado para o crescimento das células seja devido a efeitos indiretos, possivelmente envolvendo alteração de outros nucleotídeos fosforilados

In the environment, inside a host or other habitat, bacteria will always face adverse conditions, as for example exposure to antimicrobials or starvation. In situations like those, bacteria activate the stringent response, modulated by the alarmone (p)ppGpp. (p)ppGpp accumulation promotes inhibition of rRNA and tRNA transcription and suppression of translational process, at the same time that it activates several amino acid biosynthesis operons. It is known also that the stringent response it is related to other starvation stress in Escherichia coli, like lack of fatty acids, but there is no knowledge if the same occurs for Bacillus subtilis or other gram-positive bacteria. ppGpp acts directly and indirectly affecting several other cellular process, as motility, resistance to antibiotics, virulence and persistence, indicating that (p)ppGpp is a central regulator that integrates metabolic information and adaptive responses. This work aimed to study the correlation between the stringent response in B. subtilis with fatty acid starvation, and search for small moleculas capable of modulating RelA (the main enzyme responsible for ppGpp synthesis) and stop (p)ppGpp production. For fatty acid starvation induction, two strategies were used; use of the drug Cerulenin (inhibitor of the FabF protein) and conditional mutants of the FabF gene. We observed that mutants incapable of activating the stringent response (strains ppGpp(0) ou RelAD264G) presented great loss of viability during fatty acid starvation, whereas the wild-type strain keeps its viability. The main cause of death is due membrane rupture in some cells, but mainly due to membrane potential collapse. Although we did not observed increase of (p)ppGpp in wild-type strains during fatty acid starvation, we observed reduction in GTP/ATP ratios, a hallmark of (p)ppGpp production in gram-positive bacteria. In the strain ppGpp(0) GTP/ATP ratio increased, mainly due to GTP increase. Using the drug decoyinine, capable of reducing GTP levels, partially recued viability and protects cells of losing its membrane potential, indicating that GTP levels plays an important role during fatty acid starvation in B. subtilis. For the screening of small molecules capable of inhibit (p)ppGpp production, a library of 2320 different chemical compounds were used, and we looked for drugs capable of reverting the slow growth phenotype of B. subtilis strains with (p)ppGpp accumulation (using a mutant RelAH77A; and using a stringent response inductor, arginine hidroxamate). The first step selected for 40 molecules capable of rescuing the growth of cells treated with arginine hidroxamate, but only one drug, salicilanilyde could also rescue the growth of the strain RelAH77A. Although capable of rescuing growth of B. subtilis that accumulates (p)ppGpp, this rescue is limited. Several analogues of salicilanilyde were tested, but none were stronger than salicilanilyde itself in rescuing growth of slow growing strains of B. subtilis. In addition, the drug was not capable of increasing antibiotic sensibility and it is incapable of changing intracellular (p)ppGpp levels, but it does shifts ATP levels. Therefore, we believe that the observed effects of salicilanilyde is due indirect action, probably involving other phosphorylated nucleotides, rather than modifying (p)ppGpp levels

Aggressive Supratentorial Ependymoma, RELA Fusion-Positive with Extracranial Metastasis: A Case Report

Ependymoma is the third most common pediatric primary brain tumor. Ependymomas are categorized according to their locations and genetic abnormalities, and these two parameters are important prognostic factors for patient outcome. For supratentorial (ST) ependymomas, RELA fusion-positive ependymomas show a more aggressive behavior than YAP1 fusion-positive ependymomas. Extracranial metastases of intra-axial neuroepithelial tumors are extremely rare. In this paper, we report a case of aggressive anaplastic ependymoma arising in the right frontoparietal lobe, which had genetically 1q25 gain, CDKN2A homozygous deletion, and L1CAM overexpression. The patient was a 10-year-old boy who underwent four times of tumor removal and seven times of gamma knife surgery. Metastatic loci were scalp and temporalis muscle overlying primary operation site, lung, liver, buttock, bone, and mediastinal lymph nodes. He had the malignancy for 10 years and died. This tumor is a representative case of RELA fusion-positive ST ependymoma, showing aggressive behavior.

The effect of the nuclear factor-κB inhibitor on the focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in the hippocampal CA1 region of rats / 中华神经科杂志

Objective To observe the effect of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB inhibitor on the inflammatory injury and the secondary remote damage in remote areas of the CA1 region in the right hippocampus of the focal cerebral ischemic/reperfusion rats,and the NF-κB essential modifier binding domain (NBD) peptide was used to inhibit the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway to explore the function and mechanism of the NBD peptide in restraining inflammatory injury and reducing secondary remote damage in the hippocampus CA1 region.Methods According to the random number table,the male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into a sham group (n =24),an ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)group (n =38),a NBD group (n =38) and a modified type peptide (MT-NBD) group (n =38),then at the time point of 24 h and 7 d after reperfusion,the above 4 groups were divided into 2 subgroups.The experimental models were made by middle cerebral artery occlusion (modified line plug method) for 2 hours.The NBD peptide and the MT-NBD peptide were respectively injected into the right hippocampus of the experimental groups.The injury of neurons was examined by the methods of H&E and Fluoro-Jade B-(FJB)staining.The levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-1Ra were detected by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The protein expressions of NF-κB p65 and IκBα were analyzed by Western blotting and the double-labelling immunofluorescence.Results Compared with the NBD group (24 h 0.206 ±0.013,7 d 0.090 ±0.012) and the sham group (24 h 0.120 ±0.007,7 d 0.100 ±0.014),the NF-κB p65 protein expression in the I/R group (24 h 2.340 ± 0.101,7 d 2.440 ± 0.081) was increased significantly (q =64.431,66.704,67.747,56.624,all P ＜ 0.05).The level of IL-1β was remarkably increased in the I/R group (24 h (1.850 ±0.192) ng/ml,7 d (1.000 ±0.178) ng/ml) compared with the NBD group (24 h (1.250 ± 0.211) ng/ml,7 d (0.560 ± 0.183) ng/ml,q =10.730,9.710,P ＜0.05).The percent of survival neurons was significantly lower in the I/R group (24 h 27.50％ ± 3.59％,7 d 28.10％ ±4.46％) and the MT-NBD group (24 h 27.30％ ±4.53％,7 d 26.30％ ±5.03％)than the NBD group (24 h 58.90％ ± 3.46％,7 d 68.40％ ±4.20％,q =19.949,19.731,2.139,22.249,all P ＜0.05).The FJB staining showed that the number of neuron degeneration in the I/R group (24 h 28.10 ±2.13,7 d 29.50 ±2.45) was higher than the NBD group (24 h 12.50 ±2.41,7 d 9.30 ±2.52,q =3.211,4.521,P ＜ 0.05).Compared with the other three groups (sham group:24 h 0.130 ± 0.008,7 d 0.150 ±0.010;I/R group:24 h 1.340 ±0.213,7 d 1.750 ±0.119;MT-NBD group:24 h 1.250 ±0.114,7 d 1.620 ±0.097),the IκBα protein expression in the NBD group (24 h 1.680 ±0.148,7 d 2.010 ±0.085) was significantly increased (q =6.348,9.139,9.414,1.711,5.277,5.555,all P ＜0.05).Compared with the I/R group (24 h (0.570 ± 0.028) ng/ml,7 d (0.430 ± 0.039) ng/ml) and the MT-NBD group (24 h (0.490 ± 0.042) ng/ml,7 d (0.380 ± 0.018) ng/ml),the level of IL-1Ra in the NBD group (24 h (1.390 ± 0.055) ng/ml,7 d (1.250 ± 0.043) ng/ml) was remarkably increased (q =4.577,6.205,9.683,6.389,all P ＜ 0.05).The results between the I/R group and the MT-NBD group were not significantly different.Conclusions The research shows that NBD peptide treatment contributes to altering the NF-κB p65/IκBα expression in nucleus effectively.And it directly regulates the NF-κB activation to alleviate the inflammatory injury in the hippocampus CA1 region after the secondary remote damage.

Thinking of Strengthening Doctor-patient Communication and Constructing Harmonious Doctor-patient Relationship in the Hospitals of Universities / 中国医学伦理学

Through analyzing the characteristics of inpatients in the hospitals of universities, this paper dis-cussed the importance of doctor-patient communication and humanistic care in the construction of harmonious doc-tor-patient relationship, and then put forward the ethical consideration of improving the doctor-patient relation-ship. It should strengthen humanistic care, improve the consciousness and ability of doctor-patient communica-tion, play the role of echelon, and actively carry out health education and health care service.

La carga del cuidado en la enfermedad crónica en la díada cuidador familiar-receptor del cuidado / The responsibility of caregiving in chronic disease in the dyad family carer - care recipient / A carga do cuidado em doenças crônicas na díade cuidador familiar-receptor do cuidado

Objetivo: Analizar cómo se aborda y se mide la carga del cuidado en la enfermedad crónica no transmisible (ECnt ) en la díada compuesta por el cuidador familiar y el receptor del cuidado. Método: Revisión integrativa de literatura en las bases de datos Cin AH l, ovid, sciE lo , Medline y Psycinfo. los estudios se clasificaron y analizaron según la conceptualización de la díada cuidador familiar-receptor del cuidado, su in-teracción, sus componentes y sus indicadores de medición. Resultados: El análisis es-tablece seis categorías de instrumentos: 1) las que consideran al grupo familiar como contexto de la díada, 2) las que ven a las personas con enfermedad crónica como in-tegrantes de la díada, 3) las que ven a los cuidadores familiares como integrantes e informantes de la díada, 4) las que analizan la perspectiva de los pacientes y la de su grupo familiar como una mirada interna y externa de la díada, 5) las que toman la díada propiamente dicha y 6) las que analizan la perspectiva del cuidador externo a la díada. Conclusión: Es ampliamente aceptado que el fenómeno de la carga de la ECnt afecta a la díada cuidador familiar-receptor del cuidado; pero el enfoque con el que se reconoce modifica de manera importante su valoración. Comprender esta diferencia es necesario para elaborar propuestas de disminución de la carga del cuidado de la enfermedad crónica que a su vez mejoren el bienestar de las díadas.

Objective: to analyze how the responsibility of caregiving for chronic non-communi-cable disease (nCd) is addressed and measured in the dyad comprised by the family caregiver and care receiver. Method: integrative review of literature on the data base Cin AH l, ovid, sciE lo , Medline and Psycin Fo. studies were classified and analyzed according to the conceptualization of the dyad family carer - care recipient, their inte-raction, their components and measurement indicators. Results: The analysis establis-hes six categories of instruments: (1) the ones that consider the family as the context of the dyad, (2) the ones that see people with chronic disease as members of the dyad, (3) those who see family caregivers as members and informers of the dyad, (4) those who analyze the perspective of patients and their family as an internal and external view of the dyad, (5) the ones that take the dyad itself, and (6) those who analyze the perspective of the external- to- the dyad caregiver. Conclusion: it is widely accepted that the phenomenon of the responsibility of nCds affect the dyad family caregiver-care receiver; But the approach with which it is recognized significantly modifies its valuation. Understanding this difference is necessary to develop proposals for redu-cing the burden of chronic disease care which in turn improve the welfare of dyads.

Objetivo: Analisar como é abordada e medida a carga do cuidado nas doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (dCnt ) na díade composta pelo cuidador familiar e o receptor do cuidado. Método: revista integrativa de literatura nas bases de dados Cin AH l, ovid, sciE lo , Medline e Psycinfo. os estudos foram classificados e analisados segundo a conceituação da díade cuidado familiar-receptor do cuidado, sua interação, compo-nentes e indicadores de aferição. Resultados: A análise estabelece seis categorias de instrumentos: 1) das pessoas que acham o grupo familiar como contexto da díade, 2) das que veem o pessoal com doença crônica como integrantes da díade, 3) das que veem os cuidadores familiares como integrantes e informantes da díade, 4) as que analisam a perspectiva dos pacientes e do seu grupo familiar como um olhar interno e externo da díade, 5) as que pegam a díade propriamente tal e 6) as que analisam a perspectiva do cuidador externo à díade. Conclusão: É amplamente aceito que o fenó-meno da carga da dCnt afeta à díade cuidador familiar-receptor do cuidado; mas o enfoque com que se reconhece modifica grandemente a sua valoração. Compreender esta diferença é preciso para elaborar propostas de diminuição da carga do cuidado da doença crônica que, por sua vez, melhorem o bem-estar das díades.

An Application Study on the Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy in Medical Students with Social Anxiety / 中国医学伦理学

Objective:To explore the effects of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on relieving social anxiety of medical students and thus improve the communication ability of medical students. Methods: The medical students with social anxiety in our school were randomly divided into two groups. The subjects in the control group and the experiment group were given with the routine mental health education and the cognitive-behavioral group therapy respectively. The cognitive, emotional, and behavioral levels were measured before and after intervention using Interaction Anxious-ness Scale ( IAS ) , Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale ( FNE ) , Social Avoidance and Distress Scale ( SAD) , and in order to evaluate the effects of cognitive-behavioral group therapy. Results:After the intervention of cognitive-behavioral group therapy in medical students, all the three levels of anxiety were im-proved significantly in the experimental group than those in the control group ( P<0 . 05 ) . Conclusion:Cognitive-behavioral group therapy could effectively decrease the level of social anxiety for medical students.

Upbringing, interpersonal difficulties and drug use / Criação parental, dificuldades interpessoais e consumo de drogas / Crianza parental, dificultades interpersonales y consumo de drogas

Determining upbringing and interpersonal difficulties among those drug consumers and non consumers and identifying the relationship and effects of upbringing and interpersonal difficulties on drug consumption through a descriptive and correlative study using adolescents selected through cluster sampling. The study discovered that upbringing and interpersonal difficulties can predict having ever consumed alcohol and having consumed it within the last year. When a negative perception of upbringing exists, alcohol consumption exists; the greater the number of interpersonal difficulties, the greater the adolescents' alcohol consumption...

Sociodemographic characteristics of adolescents living with alcoholic families in the city of Jo‹o Pessoa, Para’ba / Características sociodemográficas de adolescentes que vivem com familiares alcoolistas no município de João Pessoa, Paraíba / Características sociodemográficas de adolescentes que viven con familiares alcohólicos en el municipio de João Pessoa, Paraíba

The aim of this study is to estimate the amount of teens that inhabit homes with alcoholic families in a representative sample of adolescents in the city of Jo‹o Pessoa, Para’ba; then characterize the demographic profiles of these adolescents and their alcoholic families. This is a cross-sectional population-based study, conducted with 715 teenagers between the ages of 14 to 19 years old. A sociodemographic questionnaire and CAGE-family instrument were used. For data analysis, descriptive statistics were used. According to the results, most of the teenagers were girls, age 17 years old, and within the alcoholic family, the father was most referenced. It is necessary to implement preventive measures for the health of teens with alcoholic family members, taking into account the risk for the development of biopsychosocial problems...

Tem-se como objetivo estimar o quantitativo de adolescentes que habitam lares com familiares alcoolistas em uma amostra representativa de adolescentes na cidade de Jo‹o Pessoa, Para’ba, e caracterizar os perfis sociodemogr‡ficos e familiares dos adolescentes que convivem com familiares alcoolistas. Estudo do tipo transversal de base populacional, realizado com 715 adolescentes entre 14 e 19 anos. Foram utilizados question‡rio sociodemogr‡fico e o CAGE-familiar. Para análise dos resultados, foi utilizada estat’stica descritiva. De acordo com resultados, a maioria dos adolescentes eram meninas, com idade de 17 anos...

Se tiene como objetivo estimar cuantitativamente los adolescentes que habitan en hogares con familiares alcoh—licos, en una muestra representativa de adolecentes en la ciudad de Jo‹o Pessoa, Para’ba, y caracterizar los perfiles sociodemogr‡ficos y familiares de los adolescentes que conviven con familiares alcoh—licos, es un estudio transversal de base poblacional realizado con 715 adolescentes entre los 14 y los 19 a–os. Fueron utilizados cuestionario sociodemogr‡fico y el CAGE-familiar. Para el an‡lisis de resultados se utiliz— la estad’stica descriptiva. De acuerdo con los resultados, la mayor’a de los adolecentes eran chicas de 17 a–os, ente los familiares alcoh—licos el padre fue el mas referenciado. Es necesario implementar acciones de prevenci—n para la salud de los adolescentes con familiares alcoh—licos, teniendo en cuenta el riesgo para desarrollar problemas biopsicosociales...